Types of sailing ships of the 18th century. Classification of sailing ships

Battleship (eng. ship-of-the-line, fr. navire de ligne) - a class of sailing three-masted wooden warships. Sailing ships of the line were characterized by the following features: full displacement from 500 to 5500 tons, armament, including from 30-50 to 135 guns in side ports (in 2-4 decks), the number of crews ranged from 300 to 800 people at full complement. Battleships were built and used from the 17th century until the early 1860s for naval battles using linear tactics. Sailing battleships were not called battleships.

General information

In 1907, a new class of armored ships with a displacement of 20 thousand to 64 thousand tons was named battleships (abbreviated as battleships).

History of creation

"In times gone by ... on the high seas, he was not afraid of anything. There was not a shadow of a feeling of defenselessness from possible attacks by destroyers, submarines or aircraft, no quivering thoughts about enemy mines or air torpedoes, there was essentially nothing, except perhaps a fierce storm, drift to the leeward shore or a concentrated attack of several equal opponents, which could shake the proud confidence of a sailing ship of the line in its own invincibility, which it rightfully assumed. " - Oscar Parks. Battleships of the British Empire.

Technological innovations

Many related technical advances led to the emergence of battleships as the main force of the navies.

Considered today a classic technology for the construction of wooden ships - first the frame, then the cladding - finally took shape in Byzantium at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia A.D., and due to its advantages over time, it supplanted the methods that existed before: the Roman used in the Mediterranean, with ironing from boards, the ends of which were connected by thorns, and clinker, which was used from Russia to the Basque Country in Spain, with a backsplash and transverse reinforcing ribs inserted into the finished body. In southern Europe, this transition finally took place until the middle of the XIV century, in England - around 1500, and in Northern Europe, merchant ships with clinker sheathing (holki) were built in the 16th century, possibly even later. In most European languages, this method was denoted by derivatives of the word carvel; hence - a caravel, that is, initially, a ship, built starting from the frame and with the skin smooth.

The new technology provided shipbuilders with a number of benefits. The presence of the frame of the ship made it possible to accurately determine in advance its dimensions and the nature of the contours, which with the previous technology became fully obvious only during the construction process; ships are now being built according to a pre-approved plan. In addition, the new technology made it possible to significantly increase the size of ships - both due to the greater strength of the hull and due to the reduced requirements for the width of the boards going to the skin, which made it possible to use less quality timber for the construction of ships. Also, the requirements for the qualifications of the workforce involved in the construction have decreased, which made it possible to build ships faster and in much larger quantities than before.

In the XIV-XV centuries, gunpowder artillery began to be used on ships, but initially, due to the inertia of thinking, it was located on superstructures intended for archers - forcastle and aftercastle, which limited the permissible mass of guns for reasons of stability. Later, artillery began to be installed along the side in the middle of the ship, which largely removed the restrictions on the mass of the guns, however, their aiming at the target was very difficult, since the fire was fired through round slots in the sides made to the size of the gun barrel, which were plugged from the inside in the stowed position. Real gun ports with covers appeared only towards the end of the 15th century, which opened the way for the creation of heavily armed artillery ships. Throughout the 16th century, a complete change in the nature of naval battles took place: the rowing galleys that had been the main warships for millennia gave way to sailing ships armed with artillery, and boarding battles to artillery.

The mass production of heavy artillery guns for a long time was very difficult, therefore, up to the 19th century, the largest ones installed on ships remained 32 ... 42-pounds (by the mass of the corresponding solid cast-iron core), with a bore diameter of no more than 170 mm. But working with them during loading and aiming was also very complicated due to the lack of servos, which required a huge calculation for their maintenance: such weapons weighed several tons each. Therefore, over the centuries, ships have tried to equip as many relatively small guns as possible, which were located along the side. At the same time, for reasons of strength, the length of a warship with a wooden hull is limited to about 70-80 meters, which also limited the length of the on-board battery: more than two or three dozen guns could be placed in only a few rows. This is how warships arose with several closed gun decks (decks), carrying from several dozen to hundreds or more guns of various calibers.

In the 16th century in England, cast iron cannons began to be used, which were a great technological innovation due to the lower cost relative to bronze and less labor intensity of manufacture compared to iron ones, and at the same time had higher characteristics. Superiority in artillery manifested itself during the battles of the English fleet with the Invincible Armada (1588) and since then began to determine the strength of the fleet, making boarding battles history - after that, boarding is used solely for the purpose of capturing an enemy ship that has already been disabled by fire.

In the middle of the 17th century, methods of mathematical calculation of ship hulls appeared. The method of determining the displacement and level of the ship's waterline, introduced into practice around the 1660s by the English shipbuilder A. Dean, based on its total mass and the shape of the contours, made it possible to calculate in advance the height at which the ports of the lower battery would be located from the sea surface, and to position the decks accordingly and the guns are still on the slipway - previously, this required lowering the ship's hull into the water. This made it possible, even at the design stage, to determine the firepower of the future ship, as well as to avoid accidents similar to what happened with the Swedish "Vaza" due to too low-lying ports. In addition, on ships with powerful artillery, some of the gun ports were necessarily on the frames; the power frames were only real frames, not cut by ports, and the rest were additional, therefore, the exact alignment of their relative position was important.

History of appearance

The immediate predecessors of battleships were heavily armed galleons, karakkas and the so-called "big ships" (Great Ships)... The first specially built artillery ship is sometimes considered the English Karakka. Mary Rose (1510), although the Portuguese attribute the honor of their invention to their king João II (1455-1495), who ordered several caravels to be armed with heavy guns.

The first battleships appeared in the fleets of European countries at the beginning of the 17th century, and the first three-deck battleship is considered Hms prince royal (1610). They were lighter and shorter than the "tower ships" - galleons that existed at that time, which made it possible to quickly line up sideways to the enemy when the bow of the next ship looked at the stern of the previous one. Also battleships differ from galleons in straight sails on the mizzen mast (galleons had from three to five masts, of which usually one or two were "dry", with oblique sailing equipment), the absence of a long horizontal latrine on the bow and a rectangular tower at the stern , and the maximum use of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe sides for the guns. The battleship is more maneuverable and stronger than the galleon in artillery combat, while the galleon is better suited for boarding combat. Unlike battleships, galleons were also used to transport troops and merchant cargo.

The resulting multi-deck sailing battleships have been the primary means of warfare at sea for more than 250 years and have enabled countries such as Holland, Britain and Spain to build huge trading empires.

By the middle of the 17th century, a clear division of battleships into classes arose: the old two-deck (that is, in which two closed decks one above the other were filled with cannons firing through the ports - slots in the sides) ships with 50 guns were not strong enough for linear combat and were used in mainly for escorting convoys. Double-decked battleships carrying 64 to 90 guns made up the bulk of the navy, while three- or even four-deck ships (98-144 guns) served as flagships. A fleet of 10-25 such ships made it possible to control sea trade lines and, in case of war, to block them for the enemy.

Battleships should be distinguished from frigates. The frigates had either only one closed battery, or one closed and one open on the upper deck. The sailing equipment of the battleships and the frigates was the same (three masts, each had straight sails). The battleships outnumbered the frigates in the number of guns (several times) and in the height of the sides, but they were inferior in speed and could not operate in shallow water.

Battleship tactics

With the increase in the strength of the warship and with the improvement of its seaworthiness and fighting qualities, an equal success was manifested in the art of using them ... As the marine evolutions become more skillful, their importance grows day by day. These evolutions needed a base, a point from which they could go and to which they could return. The fleet of warships should always be ready to meet the enemy, therefore, it is logical that such a base for naval evolution would be a combat formation. Further, with the abolition of galleys, almost all of the artillery moved to the sides of the ship, which is why it became necessary to keep the ship always in such a position so that the enemy was abeam. On the other hand, it is necessary that not a single ship of its own fleet could interfere with the firing at enemy ships. Only one system allows satisfying these requirements completely, this is the wake formation. The latter, therefore, was chosen as the only combat formation, and therefore as the basis for the entire tactics of the fleet. At the same time, they realized that in order for the battle formation, this long thin line of guns, could not be damaged or torn at its weakest point, it was necessary to enter into it only ships, if not of equal strength, then at least with the same strong sides. It logically follows from this that at the same time as the wake column becomes finally in combat formation, a distinction is made between ships of the line, which alone are intended for it, and smaller ships for other purposes. Mahan, Alfred Thayer

The term "battleship" itself arose due to the fact that in battle multi-deck ships began to line up one after another - so that during their salvo they would be turned on the enemy by the side, because the most damage to the target was caused by a volley from all onboard guns. This tactic was called linear. Formation in line during a naval battle was first used by the navies of England and Spain at the beginning of the 17th century and was considered the main one until the middle of the 19th century. Linear tactics also defended the leading squadron from fire-ship attacks well.

It is worth noting that in a number of cases fleets consisting of ships of the line could vary tactics, often deviating from the canons of the classic firefight of two wake columns running in parallel courses. So, at Camperdown, the British, not having time to line up in the correct wake column, attacked the Dutch battle line in a formation close to the front formation, followed by a disorderly dump, and at Trafalgar, they attacked the French line with two columns going across the line, competently using the advantages of longitudinal fire, which inflicted undivided transverse bulkheads terrible damage to wooden ships (at Trafalgar, Admiral Nelson applied tactics developed by Admiral Ushakov). Although these were out of the ordinary cases, nevertheless, even within the framework of the general paradigm of linear tactics, the squadron commander often had enough room for bold maneuver, and the captains - for showing their own initiative.

Design features and fighting qualities

Wood for the construction of ships of the line (usually oak, less often teak or mahogany) was selected very carefully, soaked and dried over a number of years, and then carefully laid in several layers. The side sheathing was double - inside and outside of the frames; the thickness of one outer skin on some ships of the line reached 60 cm for a gondek (for a Spanish Santisima Trinidad), and the total internal and external - up to 37 inches, that is, about 95 cm. The British built ships with relatively thin skin, but often located frames, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the total thickness of the side of the Gondek reached 70-90 cm of solid wood; between the frames, the total thickness of the side, formed by only two plating layers, was less and reached 2 feet (60 cm). French battleships for higher speed were built with more rare frames, but thicker skin - up to 70 cm in total between the frames.

To protect the underwater part from rot and fouling, an outer sheathing of thin planks of soft wood was applied to it, which was regularly changed during timbering at the dock. Subsequently, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, copper cladding began to be used for the same purposes.

• List of men-of-war 1650-1700. Part II. French ships 1648-1700.
• Histoire de la Marine Francaise. French naval history.
• Les Vaisseaux du roi Soleil. Contain for instance list of ships 1661 to 1715 (1-3 rates). Author: J.C Lemineur: 1996 ISBN 2906381225

Notes

For early ships “This name of a warship is an abbreviated word that arose in the 1920s. based on the phrase ship of the line. " Etymological Dictionary of Krylov https://www.slovopedia.com/25/203/1650517.html

List of galleons of the Spanish Navy

"Prussia" is a five-masted sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with straight sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Layesh. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the Prussia sailboat was never equipped with auxiliary engines... The length of the ship is 147 meters, the width is 16.3 meters, the displacement is 11,150 tons, the volume of the ship is 5,081 RT (registered tons), the sail area is 6,806 meters squared, the years of operation are from 1902 to 1910.

France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. France II was laid down at the Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde in the French city of Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailboat is 146.20 meters, the width is 17 meters, the displacement is 10 710 tons, the volume of the vessel is 5 633 Hg, the volume of the sails is 6 350 meters squared.

The R.C.Rickmers is a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant ship. The length of the sailboat is 146 meters, the width is 16.3 meters, the displacement is 10,500 tons, the volume of the vessel is 5548 register tons, the sail area is 6,045 meters squared.

The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in the city of Quincy in 1902. Famous ship owner Don Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailing ship in the world, and therefore he became the inspiration and author of the idea for its construction. The length of the sailboat is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10 860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5 218 Hg, sail area - 4 330 meters squared, gross tonnage of the schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" was 5.218 (brt), which is 137 (brt) was at that time more than that of the five-masted barque "Prussia", which was commissioned a few months before the schooner "Thomas. W. Lawson ”.

The Royal Clipper is a five-masted, four-star cruising sailing ship that was built in the image of the Prussia (1902-1910). The model of the sailboat was developed by Zygmunt Khoren, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailboat itself was commissioned in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. The Royal Clipper can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, the width is 16.5 meters, the displacement is 5,061 tons, the volume of the ship is 4,425 Hg, the sail area is 5,202 meters squared.

"Potosi" is a five-masted sailing merchant ship, which was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company "Layesh". The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailboat is 132.1 meters, the width is 15.1 meters, the displacement is 8,580 tons, the volume of the vessel is 4,026 Hg, the sail area is 4,700 square meters.

Copenhagen "Cobenhavn" is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard "Ramage and Ferguson" by order of the Danish East Asian company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, the width is 15 meters, the displacement is 7,900 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,901 Hg, the sail area is 4,644 square meters.

“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barges. The sailing ship was built in 1890. It was the first French sailing cargo ship and the second in the world during this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, the width is 14.9 meters, and the displacement is 7,800 tons.

"Wyoming" is a six-mast 125-meter double-deck schooner, which was built mainly from Canadian pine. At the time, it was the pinnacle of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. Wyoming is the world's largest solid wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, the width is 15 meters, the displacement is 8,000 tons, the volume of the ship is 3,731 Hg, the sail area is 3,700 meters squared.

Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper was unmatched in size. Most 19th century American clippers were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world, English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.

"Viking" is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. It is the largest sailing vessel ever built in Scandinavia. The length of the Viking is 118 meters, the width is 13.9 meters, the displacement is 6,300 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2,959 Hg, the sail area is 3,690 meters squared.

“Sedov” is a four-masted barque that was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936 the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945 the bark was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training vessels in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7 320 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,556 Hg, sail area - 4 192 meters squared.

Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by the Peruvian shipyard Marine Industrial Services, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters squared.

The Kruzenshtern is a four-masted bark, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. During the descent, the bark bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The home port of the vessel is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, the width is 14.4 meters, the displacement is 5,805 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,064 Hg, the sail area is 3,900 meters squared. The vessel made repeated transatlantic and round-the-world expeditions. Travel club of Mikhail Kozhukhov provides a unique opportunity not only to visit Kruzenshtern, but to travel to.

The Pamir is a multi-masted sailing vessel. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name "flying" P ", gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailboats was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company F. Laeisz ”. Barque "Pamir" is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, the width is 14 meters, the displacement is 3,910 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,020 rt, the sail area is 3,800 meters squared.

The Juan Sebastian de Elcano is a training vessel for the Spanish Navy. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest schooner in the world training fleet. According to the type of sailing equipment "Elcano" belongs to topsail (topsail) schooners, on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The vessel was designed and built at the Echevarieta and Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), \u200b\u200bthe first sailor to sail around the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, the width is 13 meters, the displacement is 3 670 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2 464 RT, the sail area is 3153 meters squared.

Esmeralda is a mid-20th century Chilean Navy training sailing ship. It was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, the width is 13 meters, the displacement is 3,673 tons, the volume of the vessel is 2,400 RT, the sail area is 2,935 meters squared.

"Mir" is a training three-masted ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships or a "ship" according to sailing equipment - a ship with full sailing equipment, which belongs to the State University of Maritime and River Fleet named after Admiral S.O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - “Rosmorport”. Mir was built in 1987 at the Gdansk shipyard. The length of the vessel is 109.6 meters, draft is 6.6 meters, the total sail area is 2771 meters squared, the height of the average mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.

"Nadezhda" is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully sailing and is listed as a frigate in the register. Currently, it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, the width is 14 meters, the displacement is 2,297 tons, the sail area is 2,768 meters squared.

The training sailing vessel “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing vessel, a frigate. It was built at the Lenin Gdansk Shipyard and launched in 1982. The heir to the legendary sailing ships "Lwоw" ("Lvov") was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2 946 tons, volume of the vessel - 2 384 Hg, total sail area - 3 015 meters squared.

“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with full sailing armament, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 meters squared.

"Chersonesus" - training three-masted frigate (ship with full direct sailing), training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University. Admiral F.F. Ushakov (home port - Sevastopol). The frigate's length is 108.6 meters, width is 14 meters, displacement is 2 987 tons, total sail area is 2 770 meters squared.

Libertad is a training sailing vessel for the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first exit to the sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, the width is 13.8 meters, the displacement is 3,765 tons, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe sails is 3,652 meters squared.

Amerigo Vespucci is an Italian training sailing vessel. The three-deck sailing ship "Amerigo Vespucci" is a reminiscence of the liner-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, the width is 15.56 meters, the displacement is 4,146 tons, the volume of the vessel is 3,545 Hg, the total sail area is 2,580 meters squared.

"Stadsraad Lemkul" is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Attached to the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing vessel in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, the width is 12.6 meters, the displacement is 1,516 tons, the volume of the vessel is 1,701 Hg, the total sail area is 2,026 meters squared.

In this thread, I suggest you do brief excursion in the history of early navigation, in the days of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world

Historical sketch of the development of navigation

• Egypt

The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the murals adorning the ancient Egyptian vases. However, the home of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.

In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the hypothesis that a sailing vessel made of papyrus reeds could sail not only on the Nile, but also on the high seas. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m high mast and a single straight sail, was operated by a steering oar.

Before the wind began to be used, floating equipment was either paddled or pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. The ships made it possible to transport heavy and bulky goods, which was much more productive than transporting animal teams on land. Bulk goods were also transported mainly by water.

Historically, a large naval expedition of the ruler of Egypt Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is evidenced. BC e. This expedition, considered by historians to be also a trade expedition, proceeded through the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (this is approximately modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily loaded with various goods and slaves.

Hatshepsut

• Phoenicia

On short voyages, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships with oars and a straight rack sail. Vessels intended for long voyages and warships looked much more impressive. Phenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for building a fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.

Beyond improvement sea \u200b\u200bvessels The Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word "galley", which was probably included in all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where there were also large shipyards.

Historical materials also speak of the sailing of the Phoenicians southward through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., that is, almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.

• Greece

The Greeks already in the IX century. BC e. learned from the Phoenicians to build ships remarkable for that time and began to colonize the surrounding territories early. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. the area of \u200b\u200btheir penetration covered the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pontus Euxine (Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.

Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of \u200b\u200bthe main types of galleys, which was formed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to survey the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships died. Their shape and internal structure can be judged by indirect signs - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects preserved where the ship lay, and yet, in the absence of wooden hull parts, one cannot do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.

The vessel was kept on course by means of a steering oar, which, compared to the later rudder, had at least two advantages: it made it possible to turn a stationary vessel and easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. The merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space for storing cargo.

The ship is a Greek battle galley circa V century. BC e., the so-called bireme. With rows of oars arranged along the sides in two tiers, she naturally had a higher speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes also became widespread - warships with three "floors" of rowers. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek craftsmen to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not "long ships", they had a deck, internal quarters for warriors and a particularly powerful ram, bound in copper sheets, located in front at water level, which during sea battles broke through the sides of enemy ships. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the VIII century. BC e.

Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained seafarers, sea \u200b\u200btravel were at that time a dangerous business. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
Galleys of ancient Greece roamed almost all the Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyages are shown on the map.

At the first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope for victory without a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they in a short time built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of warfare, which they used on land - an individual battle of a warrior against a warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "ravens" - boarding bridges. Along these bridges, which with a sharp hook stuck into the deck of the enemy ship, depriving him of the ability to maneuver, the Roman legionnaires rushed onto the enemy deck and engaged in battle in their usual manner.

Commercial sailboat.

The Roman fleet, like its contemporary Greek, had two main types of ships: "rounded" merchant and slender battle galleys

Certain improvements can be noted in the sailing equipment. The main mast (mainmast) retains a large quadrangular straight sail, which is sometimes complemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increasing the total sail area increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional propulsion device, the main ones are the oars, not shown in the figure.
The importance of the sail, nevertheless, undoubtedly increased, especially during long voyages, which were made up to India. At the same time, the discovery of the Greek navigator Hippalus helped: the August southwestern and January northeastern monsoons contributed to the maximum use of the sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted for about a year. Previously, the rowing journey along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.

During their trade voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be placed in the Nile Delta, Alexandria, the importance of which as a transit point increased as the trade turnover of Rome with India and the Far East grew.

• Famous sailing and rowing boats

Wilhelm the Conqueror's ship

For more than half a millennium, the knights of the high seas, the vikings, kept Europe at bay. They owe their mobility and ubiquity to the Drakars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art
On these ships, the Vikings made distant sea voyages. They discovered Iceland, the southern coast of Greenland, long before Columbus, they visited North America. The snake heads of the stems of their ships were seen by the inhabitants of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main mover of the drakar was a rake sail, with an area of \u200b\u200b70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the emblems of leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray went up with the sail. The high mast was supported by the cables extending from it to the sides and to the ends of the ship - the stays. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian ship is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic benefits. The basis for the reconstruction of this ship was a drawing of the famous carpet from Baye, which tells about the landing of William the Conqueror in England in 1066.

"Vasa" Swedish warship

At the beginning of the XVII century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He delivered Sweden from Danish rule, carried out a reformation, subjugating the previously omnipotent church to the state.
There was a Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden, which aspired to the role of one of the dominant countries of Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
The main rival of Sweden in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both shores of the Sound and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But this was a very strong contender. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on the eastern shores of the sea and after long wars captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-Gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to the Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete domination of Sweden in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625 the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal dynasty Vasa, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best ship craftsmen, painters, sculptors, woodcarvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. The main builder was the Dutchman Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier located just under the windows. royal palace.

Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Hind")

The ship was built in the 60s of the XVI century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made the second round the world voyage after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe in solid gold in the bow of the ship.
The galleon is 18.3 m long, 5.8 m wide, and has a draft of 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.

Ship of King Henry VIII "Henry Grace e" Dew "

Warship built in June 1514 at Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship had a very rich decoration. The front two masts carried three straight sails, the other two carried Latin sails, and the bowsprit carried a blind and a bowen-blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 cannons, 43 of them are large caliber. The crew is 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakka class.
In August 1553, the ship entered the parking lot in Wolwich and was burnt down by a sudden fire.

J. Cook's ship "Endeavor"

Built in England in 1762 to transport coal. It was originally called the Earl of Pembroke. In preparation for J. Cook's expedition, it was re-equipped and named "Endeavor". The sailing equipment corresponded to a typical 18th century barque. Sail area: 700 m2 Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 cannons and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711 J. Cook made his first circumnavigation of the world on the Endeavor.

English barque "Mayflower"

Three-masted barque, built in 1615 September 6, 1615 left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and after 67 days landed on the American coast in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947 the Migrant Society began rebuilding the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored barque "Mayflower" crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 53 days and became an eternal anchorage in the port of Provincetown.

English karakka "Mary Rose"

The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three continuous decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, a ship in the British squadron was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After lifting the brahmsels, the ship began to heel, then lay down on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 survived. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the vessel due to artillery overload.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After recovery, it was decided to create maritime museum

The fully sailing vessel was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 Keel-laying at Dock No.2 in River Hull. May 26, 1787 Purchased by the British Navy through the Meyers, Sharpe and Brian Bank for £ 2,600. Transferred to the shipyard in Derford for retrofitting. June 8, 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty".
On August 16, 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh is appointed Captain of HMS "Bounty" by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 The beginning of the voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to go around Cape Horn was unsuccessful; a course was taken for the Cape of Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repairs and restocking at False Bay harbor. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. October 26, 1788 The ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on the ship, led by Fletcher Christian. On January 23, 1790, Bounty was burned on Pitcairn Island.

American frigate "Constitution"

The ship was built in Boston by the Edmond Hartt shipyard in 1797 and was intended to protect the American shipping lanes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas from pirates. The hull of the frigate is made of very hard white oak that can withstand large cannonballs. The length between the pins is 62.2 m, the width is 13.6 m, the depth is 6.85 m. Designed for 44 guns, the vessel often had up to 55 barrels on its two decks, of which twenty-eight were 24-pounders and ten were 12-pounds. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846 the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been permanently moored at one of the docks in Boston.

Ship "Eagle"

The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka River, not far from Kolomna, to guard merchant shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The construction was completed in 1669. This is the first Russian warship. It was a type of naval double-deck three-masted ship 25 meters long, 6.5 meters wide and 1.5 meters draft, armed with 22 cannons and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Orel, as part of a small flotilla, moved first to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by rebellious peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship did not manage to play any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to assume that for many years, he stood inactive in the Kutum channel, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, became completely unusable.

"GRANDFATHER OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"

In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 was attracted by a small boat belonging to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular navy on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on the Izmailovsky pond and Lake Pereyaslavskoye, took his first steps to study the basics of maritime affairs. On Lake Pereyaslavskoe he soon created a whole "flotilla" of such ships. Since then, the thought of the sea and sea voyages never left Peter. What is this bot? In the XVII century. the length of ships, even the smallest ones, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the bot is 20 feet (of course, with the same accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to withstand the dimensions), or rather -6 m 5 cm.The bot's weight is about 1500 kg

Sailing-rowing frigate "Apostle Peter"

The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without the presence of a fleet he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak seaside fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at the shipyard 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don, in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing-rowing frigate Apostol Peter was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the "skillful master of galley structures" the Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second 36-gun ship "Apostle Paul".
The frigate was 34.4 m long and 7.6 m wide. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides in the upper part of the hull fell inward, which made boarding difficult. The quarterdecks were open, on the cut-off tank there were areas for the boarding team. The ship had three masts with topmills and a bowsprit with a vertical head. Foresail and main sail were the lower sails and topsails. There was only mizzen on the mizzen mast. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostle Peter" is unknown, although Peter I gave instructions "to keep it forever as an example for primacy."

Frigate "Peter and Paul"

In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent a "great embassy" to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. Together with the embassy, \u200b\u200bmore than 100 people were sent to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The Tsar himself was part of the group of volunteers under the name of Peter Mikhailov. Peter worked hard for about five months, he learned everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Paul" from its laying and almost until the end of the work.
The construction was supervised by the shipmaster of the East India Company Garrit Claes Paul. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 cannons could be placed on one closed and open deck. At the end of the work at the shipyard, the master issued a certificate to Peter I, which noted that he "... was a diligent and intelligent carpenter ... and not only the ship architecture and drawing plans ... he studied thoroughly, but also enlightened these subjects to the same extent as we ourselves have them. we understand. "
Knowledge of naval science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive effect on the construction of the Russian fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

The Fortress is the first Russian warship to sail into the Black Sea and visit Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the "Fortress", under the command of Captain Pamburgh, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by the Duma adviser Em. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship at the walls of the Turkish capital, and the appearance of the entire Russian squadron at Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was signed between Turkey and Russia. This "Fortress" campaign is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans for the Crimean coast. While staying in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign specialists visited the "Fortress" and highly appreciated the Russian shipbuilding industry. The following June, 1700, the "Fortress" ship with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Frigate "Standart"

The Great Northern War already in the initial period convinced Peter I that it was impossible to conquer the Baltic Sea with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to start building the fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam ship master Vybe Gerens laid the foundation for the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width is 7.3 m, average draft is 2.7 m. The crew is 120 people. On a closed deck, tank and quarterdeck, the ship carried 28 guns: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1 (12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress Nyenskans, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was clear. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the two-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four cards - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name Shtandart, and on September 8 (19) of the same year, a new standard was raised on its main-bram-top. The ship under the command of Captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) passed Ladoga lake at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruis under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet off the island of Kotlin. In 1711 he was timberovan in St. Petersburg. The frigate "Standart" was in the Russian fleet for over 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.

Training frigate "Nadezhda"

Soon after accession to the Russian throne, Catherine II said: "We have an excess of ships and people, but there is no fleet or sailors." At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of the training of cadets of the naval corps.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: "To train midshipmen and ... cadets, keep a three-masted yacht at the hull, which you can build and supply with all your needs." There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, as on the resolution the categorical resolution of Catherine II: "Be this way!"
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), and launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous ship master Lambe James. The main dimensions of the vessel: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without planks 6.71 m, depth 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 t, main sails area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, including 17 sailors. The frigate could take on board 25 cadets. He sailed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf of Finland. However, due to insufficient aging of the scaffolding, the vessel's life was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was "dismantled due to dilapidation."
In the history of the Russian fleet, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first Russian training ship of special construction.

Battleship "Slava Ekaterina"

Zeichmeister General (commander of artillery) of the Black Sea Fleet I.A. Hannibal on May 26 (June 6), 1779 laid the foundation for the first two 66-gun battleships at the Kherson shipyard. The lead of them was "Glory to Catherine". Presumably the project of the new battleship was developed by the ship master A.S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasyev. The length of the vessel on the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without plating is 13.5 m, the depth of the hold is 5.8 m. Instead of the 30-pound cannons relied on by the state, it was considered possible to do with the 24-pound guns available, which “have such a small difference, that they can be used with the same benefit in action. " The construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn atmosphere, the ship was launched.
The combat service of "Glory to Catherine" fell on the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Renamed in 1788 by Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin to the "Transfiguration of the Lord" the ship participated in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious sea battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F.Ushakov.
The well-deserved fame gained in fierce sea battles places this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.

Sloop "Vostok"

The ship was launched from the slipway of the Okhtinskaya shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width is about 10 m, draft is 4.8 m, displacement is 900 tons, speed is up to 10 knots. Armament consisted of 28 guns. The crew is 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the sloop "Vostok" under the command of Captain II rank F.F.Bellingshausen, the head of the Antarctic round-the-world expedition, and the sloop "Mirny" under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) next years reached the shores of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12) 1820 again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached their southernmost point: 69 ° 53 "south latitude and 92 ° 19" west longitude. July 24 (August 5) 1821, having finished the most difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of the huge sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was done. A medal was struck in memory of this significant voyage in Russia.
In 1828 the sloop Vostok was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. In our time, the names of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" are borne by two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations. According to the established tradition, the name "Vostok" passed to the largest research vessel.

Clipper Cutty Sark

Cutty Sark was created in the golden age of the sailing fleet - the era of clippers. Thousands of years of experience in the construction and operation of sailing ships, many scientific and technical achievements accumulated by the middle of the 19th century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clippers - the highest and last stage of sailing shipbuilding. Everything in the clipper design was subject to speed: a sharp, very elongated nose, streamlined contours, huge sails, a solid hull.
On transatlantic lines, steamships had already begun to win convincing victories over sailing ships, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes half the world's length, clippers still reigned supreme - the embodiment of grace, light, swift, and the best of them was Cutty Sark.

Ships rest at the berths,
look into the water with sleepy haws,
gravity of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, as people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the berths of our Good, Quiet Harbor ...

January 6, 2011 | Categories: History, Topper

Rating: +6 Article author: Enia_Toy Views: 56031

Currently, the phrase "sailing vessel" is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, however, from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses the wind energy converted by sails to move it.

The types of sailing ships were varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on the sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, with the involvement of a smaller number of crew. Until the middle of the 19th century, sailing ships were the main means of shipping and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure craft. In connection with the rise in fuel prices and stricter requirements for environmental protection in a number of countries, the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing equipment began. Sailing ships can take anywhere from one day to several months, but long-term sailing requires careful planning with calls to ports to replenish supplies.

There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spars, rigging, and at least one sail.

Mast - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmills, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).

Rigging - of all rigging of a sailing vessel, is a stretched cable. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the mast in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing rigging ropes on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. The running rigging is designed to control the sails - lifting them, cleaning them, etc.

The sail - the propeller of a sailing vessel - is a piece of fabric, on modern sailing ships - synthetic, which is attached to the mast with the help of rigging, which allows transforming the wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails are in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails are in the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. The use of oblique sails allows sailing ship move steeply towards the wind.

CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS

The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. Hence the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. So, all sailing ships can carry different types of sails on their masts in different numbers, but they are all divided into the following categories:

single-masted sailing ships

yal - light rakeless sailing boat (dinghy). The mast on the yala is one, often removable and is called the foremast.

cat - a sailing ship characterized by the presence of one mast carried far ahead, that is, near the bow of the boat.

sloop - single-mast sea sailing vessel.

tender - a single-mast sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trisel and topsail.

cutter - a sailing vessel having one mast with an oblique, as a rule, gaff rigging with two staysails.

twin-masted sailing ships

yol - a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen-mast is located aft near the rudder head, and has oblique sailing equipment.

ketch - a two-masted sailing vessel, which differs from the yola by a slightly larger mizzen-mast. In addition, the sail area of \u200b\u200bthe aft mast accounts for about 20 percent of the total sail area of \u200b\u200bthe sailboat. This feature provides an advantage in handling in strong winds.

schooner (Bermuda schooner) - sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.

brigantine - a two-masted sailing vessel with combined sailing equipment, having a direct sailing rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.

brig - a two-masted sailing vessel with a direct sailing rig.

three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)

caravel - has three masts with straight and oblique sails.

schooner - a type of marine sailing vessel that has at least two masts with oblique sails. According to the type of sailing equipment, the schooners are divided into: haffle, bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsel... A brahmselling schooner differs from a topsail by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a brahmseil. At the same time, in some cases, the Marseilles and Bramssel two-masted schooners, especially with a brief, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails - gaff or Bermuda, the schooner can also be a topsail (brahmsel). Schooners have a shallow draft, which makes it possible to enter even in shallow waters.

barque - a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having a direct sail rig on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with oblique sails.

barkentina (schooner bark) - as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has a direct sailing rig only on the foremast, on the other masts there are oblique sails.

frigate - a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.

In addition to the above types of sailing ships in the history of navigation, there were a large number of other names, many of which have disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flutes, galleon, lugger, clipper, shebek, karakka, windjammer.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORT SAILING VESSELS

Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely related to professional sailing on small sailing vessels, where the advantage in speed allowed them to compete successfully, for example, in fishing or pilotage. The sporting interest arising from the improvement of the sailing performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word "jagie" - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread occurrence of fun water sports has also prompted classifiers to classify sport sailing yachts into types.

Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts) - this is the division of sailing, sports, ships into classes, depending on the size and their proportions, affecting the driving performance and seaworthiness of these sailing ships. There are four main classes of sailing, sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes and handicap classes.

The classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing and sports vessels involved in Olympic regattas are called "Olympic". As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: finn class boats, class 470 boats, 49er class boats, boats of 49erFX class, boats of Laser-Standard class, laser-Radial class boats.

Stands out separately from the group class of multihull sports vesselsnamed Nacra 17... And also competitions on surfboards (windsurfing) have their own class - RS: X.

In addition to the above, there is the concept of motor-sailing ships - these are ships with sailing equipment and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the ship when there is no wind, entering (leaving) ports, passing narrows (straits, channels) and the like. Most motor-sailing vessels are small fishing, training and recreational craft.

The sailing fleet is one of the founders of the modern navy. Around 3000 BC, rowing ships already had primitive sails with which people used the power of the wind. The first sailing rig was a rectangular piece of cloth or animal skins tied to the yarn of a short mast. Such a "sail" was used only with favorable winds and performed the tasks of an auxiliary propulsion device for the vessel. However, with the development of society, the fleet also improved.

During the period of the feudal system, rowing ships of large sizes with two masts and several sails appeared, and the sails had already taken on more advanced forms. However, ships with sails did not receive much use at that time, since the development of the fleet in a slave society was conditioned by the use of slave labor and the ships of that time were still rowing. With the fall of feudalism, free labor gradually disappeared. The operation of large ships with a large number of oarsmen became unacceptable. In addition, with the development of international sea trade, the areas of navigation of ships have also changed - sea voyages have become longer. The need arose for vessels of a new design capable of long-distance sea voyages. Such ships were sailing ships - naves, which had a length of up to 40 m and a carrying capacity of up to 500 tons of cargo. Later, three-masted sailing ships appeared in Portugal - karakki, with straight sails on the first two masts and triangular Latin sails on the third mast. Subsequently, both types of ships merged into one type of more advanced sailing vessel, which served as a prototype for ships and frigates.

At the end of the 16th century, sailing ships - galleons - were built in Spain. These had a long bowsprit and four masts. The bow mast of the galleon carried two or three straight sails, the stern - oblique Latin sails.

At the end of the 18th century, in connection with new geographical discoveries and the subsequent growth of trade, the sailing fleet began to improve. began to build depending on their purpose. New types of cargo sailing ships appeared, suitable for long-range ships. The most common among them were barges, brigs, and later two-masted schooners. With the continuous development of shipping at the end of the 18th century, the design and armament of sailing ships improved significantly. During this period, a unified classification of sailing ships and ships was established. Warships, depending on the number of guns and the type of weapons, steel will be divided into linear, frigates, corvettes and sloops. Merchant ships, depending on the sailing equipment, were divided into ships, barges, brigs, schooners, brigantines and barkentines.

Nowadays it is customary to classify them according to their sailing armament. Depending on the type of sails, all sailboats are divided into ships with direct sailing, ships with oblique sailing rig and ships with mixed sailing equipment.

straight-handed vessels

The first group of classification of sailing ships includes ships whose main sails are straight sails. In turn, this group, according to the number of masts armed with straight sails, are divided into the following types:

a) a five-masted ship (five masts, with straight sails);

b) four-masted ship (four masts with straight sails)

ship (three masts with straight sails)

a) a five-masted barque (four masts with straight sails, one at the stern with oblique sails);

b) four-masted barque (three masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails)

a) barque (two masts with straight sails, one with oblique sails);

b) brig (two masts with straight sails)

oblique-rigged vessels

To the second group sailing ship classifications include ships with oblique sails as the main ones. The predominant type of ships in this group are schooners, which are subdivided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda-armed schooners. The main sails of gaff schooners are trisels. Marseille schooners, unlike gaff ones, have a topsail and brahmsel on the foremast, and sometimes on the mainmast.

b) two-masted topsail schooner (masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast) ;

in) three-masted topsail schooner - dzhekas (all masts with oblique sails and several upper straight sails on the foremast);

In a schooner with Bermuda armament, the main sails are triangular, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one - to the boom.

schooner with Bermuda arms

In addition to schooners, this group includes small marine single-masted vessels - tender and sloop, as well as two-masted vessels - kech and iol. It is customary to call a tender a single-mast vessel with a horizontal retractable bowsprit.

In contrast to the tender, the sloop has a short, permanently installed bowsprit. On the masts of both types of sailing ships, oblique sails (trisel and topsail) are set.

a) tender (one mast with oblique sails);

b) sloop (one mast with oblique sails)

For vessels of the type ketch and iol, the front mast is armed in the same way as for a tender or sloop. The second mast, located closer to the stern, has a small size compared to the first, which is what distinguishes these ships from two-masted schooners.

a) ketch (two masts with oblique sails, and the mizzen - the mast is in front of the steering wheel);

b) iol (two masts with oblique sails, the smaller one - mizzen - is located behind the steering wheel)

mixed ships

The third group of sailing ships uses straight and oblique sails as the main ones. The ships of this group include:

a) brigantine (schooner brig; one mast with straight sails and one with oblique sails);

b) barkentina (schooner-barque; three- and more masted vessels with straight sails on the front mast, and oblique sails on the rest)

a) bombard (one mast almost in the middle of the ship with straight sails and one shifted to the stern - with oblique sails);

b) caravel (three masts; foremast with straight sails, the rest - with Latin sails);

c) trabacollo (Italian trabacollo; two masts with lugger, i.e. rack sails)

and ) shebek (three masts; foremast and mainmast with Latin sails, and mizzen mast with oblique sails);

b) felucca (two masts inclined towards the bow, with Latin sails);

c) tartan (one mast with a large Latin sail)

a) bovo (Italian bovo; two masts: the front - with a Latin sail, the rear - with a gaff or Latin sail);

b) navisello (Italian navicello; two masts: the first - in the bow, strongly inclined forward, carries a trapezoidal sail,

attached to the mainmast; mainmast - with a Latin or other oblique sail);

c) balancella (Italian biancella; one mast with a Latin sail)

cat (one mast with a gaff sail is strongly offset to the bow)

lugger (three masts with slatted sails, used in coastal navigation in France)

In addition to these sailing ships, there were even larger seven-, five- and four-masted schooners, mainly of American origin, carrying only oblique sails.

In the middle of the 19th century, the sailing fleet reached its perfection. Improving designs and sailing equipment, shipbuilders have created the most advanced type of ocean sailing ship -. of this class were distinguished by their speed and good seaworthiness.

clipper

Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Detect language Dutch English Estonian Filipino Finnish French Galician Georgian German Greek Haitian Creole Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Korean Latin Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Maltese Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swahili Swedish Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish ⇄ Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Filipino Finnish French Galician Georgian German Greek Haitian Creole Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Korean Latin Latvian Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Maltese Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swahili Sw edish Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh Yiddish

English (auto-detected) »Russian